| Title: | Digital Tools for the SDAM Project at Aarhus University |
|---|---|
| Description: | Provides digital tools for performing analyses within Social Dynamics and complexity in the Ancient Mediterranean (SDAM), which is a research group based at the Department of History and Classical Studies at Aarhus University. |
| Authors: | Antonio Rivero Ostoic [aut, cre], Adela Sobotkova [ctb], Vojtech Kase [ctb], Petra Hermankova [ctb] |
| Maintainer: | Antonio Rivero Ostoic <[email protected]> |
| License: | CC BY 4.0 |
| Version: | 1.1.1 |
| Built: | 2024-09-13 07:10:56 UTC |
| Source: | https://github.com/sdam-au/sdam |
Provides digital tools for performing analyses within Social Dynamics and complexity in the Ancient Mediterranean (SDAM), which is a research group based at the Department of History and Classical Studies at Aarhus University.
| Package: | sdam |
| Type: | Package |
| Version: | 1.1.1 (development) |
| Date: | 29 August 2022 |
| License: | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
The "sdam" package is a suite of tools for performing analyses in the history of the Mediterranean world
and its neighbouring regions in the antiquity period before the Middle Ages.
Currently, it is possible to access data of writing material from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg API with function get.edh
and the wrapper function get.edhw. Most of the epigraphic data, at least until 10-11-2020, is available
in the EDH dataset, which can be transformed in diverse ways by using function edhw and function cln for re-encoding and
cleaning portions of text in inscriptions in the EDH dataset.
With function prex, there is also the possibility to compute probabilities of existence of inscriptions and
other artefacts with either the aoristic sum or count matching for observations for different periodization options.
Function plot.dates allow visualizing interval time events that can be adjusted by the internal function dts
as illustrated in a vignette.
request function allows, with user authentication, performing different types of HTTP requests
aimed to DEiC's servers in https://sciencedata.dk or another cloud repository with a customized URL address.
A plotting function is found in plot.map that allows visualizing cartographical maps of ancient Roman provinces
that are part of the EDH dataset. It relies other datasets from the package that are related to the Roman world in
rp, rpd, rpmp, rpmcd, rpcp, and retn for a transport network with terrestrial and maritime main routes.
Similarity by simple matching among column vectors in a table or data frame is achieved by function simil
for making analyses of relations between e.g. assemblages and artefacts.
Function edhwpd is to organize the EDH dataset per province and dates based on a similarity measure, and it is the basis for
function rmids to compute values of missing dates with a restricted imputation on data subsets of artefacts.
Author: Antonio Rivero Ostoic [aut, cre], Adela Sobotkova [ctb], Vojtech Kase [ctb], Petra Hermankova [ctb]
Maintainer: Antonio Rivero Ostoic <[email protected]>
Epigraphic Database Heidelberg – Data Reuse Options, (Online; retrieved on 16 June 2019). URL https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/data
Re-encoding people in the EDH dataset
Cartographical maps and networks
data(package="sdam")data(package="sdam")
A function to re-encode Greek (and other) characters and to remove symbols.
cln(x, level, what, na.rm, case, repl, unlist)cln(x, level, what, na.rm, case, repl, unlist)
x |
a vector, list or dataframe |
level |
optional clean level, either |
what |
additional characters to clean (optional) |
na.rm |
remove entries with NA data? (optional and logical) |
case |
case for text |
repl |
data frame with text to replace (optional) |
unlist |
return a vector? (optional and logical, for vector input) |
This function is meant to re-encode Greek (and other) characters in the EDH set given either as list format,
vector, or a dataframe produced with function edhw for example.
By default, the symbols "?" "*" "+" placed at the end of each record are removed after the re-encoding.
However, when level is 0 only re-encoding is performed, and level 2 is either to force an extra iteration
in the re-encoding, to remove extra spaces, or what is in what at the end of a record when clean what is invoked.
With level 9 all content after an opening parenthesis is removed with all the consequences for the input text.
With repl, is possible to replace a list of text in two columns, for ‘text to replace’ and for ‘text that replaces’.
Disabling option unlist returns a vector in case that x is also a vector; otherwise, it returns a list with the two
versions of the input.
Depending on the input, a vector, list or dataframe.
Encoding more than once the same input requires re-starting the console; otherwise, the re-encoding is not complete.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
# clean Greek characters cln("Caesar?*+")# clean Greek characters cln("Caesar?*+")
A function for converting different types of dates into a numerical format.
dts(x, cent, sep, last)dts(x, cent, sep, last)
x |
scalar, vector or list with dates to format |
cent |
use centuries? (optional and logical) |
sep |
separator, default " |
last |
take last input value in |
When dating data has a character format like when involving AD, BC, BCE, C.E., etc., or even centuries like Cent., it is many times convenient to convert these type of dating data into a numerical format for a further computation.
In case that the input data has two or more plausible dates, then the outcome by default takes the first value of the input;
otherwise the last date with option last.
dts also accepts dates involving centuries with the cent option.
In this case, it is possible to specify a separator of the century endpoints in sep or use " to " as the default separator.
For dates having character format, then hyphens are regarded as separators of the plausible dates in x.
Dating data with a numerical format.
Dating data with unknown year notations produce NA as output value.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
# negative first value dts("58 BC - 30 AD") # positive second value dts("58 BC - 30 AD", last=TRUE) # use century notation dts("15th Cent. AD", cent=TRUE)# negative first value dts("58 BC - 30 AD") # positive second value dts("58 BC - 30 AD", last=TRUE) # use century notation dts("15th Cent. AD", cent=TRUE)
A data set of Latin epigraphy retrieved from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg API repository.
data("EDH")data("EDH")
Epigraphs or inscriptions in this dataset is recorded in a list object of 84701 items (until 10-11-2020) with at least one of the following 47 (or more) names in the EDH list:
"ID", "commentary", "fotos", "country",
"depth", "diplomatic_text", "edh_geography_uri", "findspot",
"findspot_ancient", "findspot_modern", "geography", "height", "id",
"language", "last_update", "letter_size", "literature",
"material", "military", "modern_region", "not_after",
"not_before", "people" (which is a list with: "person_id", "nomen", "cognomen",
"praenomen", "name", "gender", "status", "tribus",
"origo", "occupation", "age: years", "age: months", "age: days"),
"present_location", "province_label", "religion", "responsible_individual",
"social_economic_legal_history", "transcription", "trismegistos_uri",
"type_of_inscription", "type_of_monument", "uri", "width",
"work_status", and "year_of_find".
https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api (retrieved on November 2020)
Epigraphic Database Heidelberg – Data Reuse Options, (Online; retrieved on 16 June 2019). URL https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/data
A function to obtain variable data and perform transformations on the EDH dataset.
edhw(x = "EDH", vars, as = c("df", "list"), type = c("long", "wide", "narrow"), split, select, addID, limit, id, na.rm, ldf, province, gender, rp, ...)edhw(x = "EDH", vars, as = c("df", "list"), type = c("long", "wide", "narrow"), split, select, addID, limit, id, na.rm, ldf, province, gender, rp, ...)
x |
a list object name with fragments of the |
vars |
vector of variables of interest from |
as |
format to return the output; either as a |
type |
type format of data frame; either |
split |
divide the data into groups by id? (optional and logical) |
select |
vector with |
addID |
add identification to the output? (optional and logical) |
limit |
integer or vector to limit the returned output. Ignored if |
id |
select only |
na.rm |
remove entries with NA data? (optional and logical) |
ldf |
is |
province |
name or abbreviation of Roman province in |
gender |
gender of people in |
rp |
customized list of Roman provinces as in |
... |
optional arguments if needed. |
This is an interface to extract attribute variables in vars from the EDH dataset attached
to this package. However, the input in x can be fragments of the EDH dataset or from
the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg API obtained by functions get.edh or get.edhw
with the "rjson" format, or transformed data organized, for example, by provinces.
When x is explicit, it must be at least a list object with a comparable structure to the EDH dataset.
Through vars argument and return the output either as a list with list
or a data frame with df. In case that argument vars is missing, then all entries in x are taken.
By default, a list object is returned, with or without an ‘ID’ identification provided by the addID argument.
When the input list is converted into a data frame, the ordering of the variables is given alphabetically.
If desired, it is also possible to remove missing data from the output by activating na.rm and
work with complete cases.
Arguments id and limit serve to reduce the returned output either to some Epigraphic Database number or to numbers,
which are specified by hd_nr, or else by limiting the amount of the returned output.
limit here is like the limit argument of function get.edh, but in
this case the offset can be specified as a sequence.
While limit is a faster way to get to entries in the EDH dataset, argument id is for
referring to precisely one or more hd_nrs in the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg API.
Component "people" is a separated list in the EDH dataset, and it should be considered as
a separate case from the rest of the variables.
In the case that the output is a data frame, the default output is a ‘long’ type table; that is records can
appear in different rows and each variable is assigned into a single column, and with this option is possible to
select "people" variables like gender and origin.
When choosing people variables with select and a data frame output, then "people" attribute must be in vars.
By setting "wide" in type, it is possible to place the different people from a single entry
column by column in the data frame and each record has a single row. Finally, argument split allows for
dividing the data in the data frame into groups by ‘id’, which corresponds to the HD number of inscription
in the EDH dataset.
Ad hoc arguments are the EDH entries province and gender for entering a Roman province
and people's gender in x as a data frame; otherwise, these arguments are ignored.
When province is used, it is possible to refer to a customized list of provinces with argument "rp";
otherwise, dataset rp is the default where names and abbreviations are accepted.
Argument ldf is a flag when the input in x is a created list of data frames that is
organized by variables rather than by records as in the EDH dataset.
A list or a data frame with a long or wide format, depending on the input arguments.
Argument province with no vars returns a list of lists.
Warning messages are given for the EDH dataset as the input, and when choosing
the province argument alone.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api
EDH, get.edh, get.edhw, rp, edhwpd, prex,
plot.dates, rjson
## Not run: ## load dataset data(EDH) ## make a list for three variables in 'EDH' for first 4 entries edhw(vars=c("type_of_inscription", "not_after", "not_before"), limit=4 ) ## as before, but also select 'gender' from 'people' edhw(vars=c("people", "not_after", "not_before"), select="gender", limit=4 ) ## End(Not run)## Not run: ## load dataset data(EDH) ## make a list for three variables in 'EDH' for first 4 entries edhw(vars=c("type_of_inscription", "not_after", "not_before"), limit=4 ) ## as before, but also select 'gender' from 'people' edhw(vars=c("people", "not_after", "not_before"), select="gender", limit=4 ) ## End(Not run)
Wrapper function to organize EDH dataset province and dates by simple match similarity.
edhwpd(x = "EDH", vars, province, dates, clean, ...)edhwpd(x = "EDH", vars, province, dates, clean, ...)
x |
EDH dataset, or fragments of, or database via API (optional, list) |
vars |
vector with variables or attributes chosen from |
province |
Roman province abbreviation as in |
dates |
vector with TAQ and TPQ (optional) |
clean |
whether to remove special characters in text (optional and logical) |
... |
additional arguments if needed |
This wrapper function aims to organize data per Roman province and date by simple match similarities
among inscriptions in the EDH dataset.
As with function edhw, it is an interface to extract attribute variables
in vars from the EDH or similar dataset if x is not specified.
The Roman Empire province is the abbreviation used in the value given by
function get.edh and which is in rp dataset.
Argument dates is optional to specify the variables for time intervals
(TAQ and TPQ) that in EDH are not_after and not_before,
but other datasets may have different names for the endpoints of the timespan.
Another dependence with this function is from package "multiplex" to find clusters of items having similar
characteristics as co-occurrence relations and for removing isolated items from the system of relations.
Argument clean applies function cln to the province data frame with the chosen
variables to remove special characters such as ?*+ and, if needed, re-encode the text.
The output is a list of data frames with similar arguments by descending matches. The records
with one or less similarity matches (or having NA attribute values) are placed in the
last data frame of the list.
A EDH class object with the province and the number of records with a list of data frames organised
by components where the first one has records having most common attribute variables, whereas the
last component is a dataframe with records having least common attribute variables.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
## Not run: ## load dataset data(EDH) ## extract province & dates with a single variable attribute from EDH edhwpd(vars="type_of_inscription", province="Rom", dates=c("not_after", "not_before")) ## End(Not run)## Not run: ## load dataset data(EDH) ## extract province & dates with a single variable attribute from EDH edhwpd(vars="type_of_inscription", province="Rom", dates=c("not_after", "not_before")) ## End(Not run)
A function to obtain data from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg REST like API repository.
get.edh(search = c("inscriptions", "geography"), url = "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api", hd_nr, province, country, findspot_modern, findspot_ancient, year_not_before, year_not_after, tm_nr, transcription, type, bbox, findspot, pleiades_id, geonames_id, offset, limit, maxlimit = 4000, addID, printQ)get.edh(search = c("inscriptions", "geography"), url = "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api", hd_nr, province, country, findspot_modern, findspot_ancient, year_not_before, year_not_after, tm_nr, transcription, type, bbox, findspot, pleiades_id, geonames_id, offset, limit, maxlimit = 4000, addID, printQ)
search |
whether the search is on |
url |
open data repository API |
hd_nr |
HD number of inscription |
province |
ancient Roman province name |
country |
actual country name |
findspot_modern |
actual location name findspot |
findspot_ancient |
ancient location name findspot |
year_not_before |
year, not before (integer, BC years are negative) |
year_not_after |
year, not after (integer, BC years are negative) |
tm_nr |
trismegistos ID (integer) |
transcription |
automatic leading and trailing truncation (brackets are ignored) |
type |
type of inscription (case insensitive) |
bbox |
bounding box with character format |
findspot |
level of village, street etc. (add leading and/or trailing) |
pleiades_id |
Pleiades identifier of a place (integer) |
geonames_id |
Geonames identifier of a place (integer) |
offset |
clause to specify which row to start from retrieving data (optional and integer) |
limit |
clause to limit the number of results (optional and integer) |
maxlimit |
maximum limit of the query (integer, default 4000) |
addID |
add identification to the output? (optional and logical) |
printQ |
print also query? (optional and logical) |
Since with the inscriptions option the id "component" of the
output list is not with a numeric format, then the function adds an ID
at the beginning of the list with the identifier with a numerical format.
hd_nr has not the same value as ID nor id.
In case you want to grab several items from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg API
use function get.edhw.
A list with the of valid values from the EDH API for the ancient Roman provinces
that are also available in dataset rp are
"Ach" |
Achaia | "Cor" |
Corsica | "Mes" |
Mesopotamia |
"Aeg" |
Aegyptus | "Cre" |
Creta | "MoI" |
Moesia inferior |
"Aem" |
Aemilia (Regio VIII) | "Cyp" |
Cyprus | "MoS" |
Moesia superior |
"Afr" |
Africa Proconsularis | "Cyr" |
Cyrene | "Nar" |
Narbonensis |
"AlC" |
Alpes Cottiae | "Dac" |
Dacia | "Nor" |
Noricum |
"AlG" |
Alpes Graiae | "Dal" |
Dalmatia | "Num" |
Numidia |
"AlM" |
Alpes Maritimae | "Epi" |
Epirus | "PaI" |
Pannonia inferior |
"AlP" |
Alpes Poeninae | "Etr" |
Etruria (Regio VII) | "PaS" |
Pannonia superior |
"ApC" |
Apulia et Calabria (Regio II) | "Gal" |
Galatia | "Pic" |
Picenum (Regio V) |
"Aqu" |
Aquitania | "GeI" |
Germania inferior | "Rae" |
Raetia |
"Ara" |
Arabia | "GeS" |
Germania superior | "ReB" |
Regnum Bospori |
"Arm" |
Armenia | "HiC" |
Hispania citerior | "Rom" |
Roma |
"Asi" |
Asia | "Inc" |
Provincia incerta | "Sam" |
Samnium (Regio IV) |
"Ass" |
Assyria | "Iud" |
Iudaea | "Sar" |
Sardinia |
"Bae" |
Baetica | "LaC" |
Latium et Campania (Regio I) | "Sic" |
Sicilia, Melita |
"Bar" |
Barbaricum | "Lig" |
Liguria (Regio IX) | "Syr" |
Syria |
"Bel" |
Belgica | "Lug" |
Lugdunensis | "Thr" |
Thracia |
"BiP" |
Bithynia et Pontus | "Lus" |
Lusitania | "Tra" |
Transpadana (Regio XI) |
"BrL" |
Bruttium et Lucania (Regio III) | "LyP" |
Lycia et Pamphylia | "Tri" |
Tripolitania |
"Bri" |
Britannia | "MaC" |
Mauretania Caesariensis | "Umb" |
Umbria (Regio VI) |
"Cap" |
Cappadocia | "MaT" |
Mauretania Tingitana | "Val" |
Valeria |
"Cil" |
Cilicia | "Mak" |
Macedonia | "VeH" |
Venetia et Histria (Regio X) |
And the valid values for country entries are abbreviated country names where the inscription was located.
"ad" |
Andorra | "gr" |
Greece | "pl" |
Poland |
"al" |
Albania | "hr" |
Croatia | "pt" |
Portugal |
"am" |
Armenia | "hu" |
Hungary | "rks" |
Kosovo |
"at" |
Austria | "il" |
Israel | "ro" |
Romania |
"az" |
Azerbaijan | "iq" |
Iraq | "rs" |
Serbia |
"ba" |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | "it" |
Italy | "ru" |
Russia |
"be" |
Belgium | "jo" |
Jordan | "sa" |
Saudi Arabia |
"bg" |
Bulgaria | "kg" |
Kyrgyzstan | "sd" |
Sudan |
"ch" |
Switzerland | "kz" |
Kazakhstan | "se" |
Sweden |
"cy" |
Cyprus | "lb" |
Lebanon | "si" |
Slovenia |
"cz" |
Czech Republic | "li" |
Liechtenstein | "sk" |
Slovakia |
"de" |
Germany | "lu" |
Luxembourg | "sm" |
San Marino |
"dk" |
Denmark | "ly" |
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | "sy" |
Syrian Arab Republic |
"dz" |
Algeria | "ma" |
Morocco | "tj" |
Tajikistan |
"eg" |
Egypt | "mc" |
Monaco | "tn" |
Tunisia |
"es" |
Spain | "md" |
Moldova | "tr" |
Turkey |
"fr" |
France | "me" |
Montenegro | "ua" |
Ukraine |
"gb" |
United Kingdom | "mk" |
Macedonia | "uz" |
Uzbekistan |
"ge" |
Georgia | "mt" |
Malta | "va" |
Vatican City State |
"gi" |
Gibraltar | "nl" |
Netherlands | "ye" |
Yemen |
A list object with at least one the following items:
"commentary" |
|
"fotos" |
|
"country" |
|
"depth" |
|
"diplomatic_text" |
|
"edh_geography_uri" |
|
"findspot" |
|
"findspot_ancient" |
|
"findspot_modern" |
|
"geography" |
|
"height" |
|
"id" |
|
"language" |
|
"last_update" |
|
"letter_size" |
|
"literature" |
|
"material" |
|
"military" |
|
"modern_region" |
|
"not_after" |
|
"not_before" |
|
"people" |
This item is another list with at least one the following items: |
"present_location" |
|
"religion" |
|
"province_label" |
|
"responsible_individual" |
|
"social_economic_legal_history" |
|
"transcription" |
|
"trismegistos_uri" |
|
"type_of_inscription" |
|
"type_of_monument" |
|
"uri" |
|
"width" |
|
"work_status" |
|
"year_of_find" |
|
"ID" |
(Optional), only if |
The query is also printed if specified by printQ.
For queries having more than 4000 records, the server can produce a timeout break to be handled by offset.
This function requires "rjson", and is for the [EDH] database [API] at the URL in references starting in year January 2022,
and changes in the URL should be updated with the url option.
Search options "photos" and "bibliography" are not supported.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api
get.edhw, edhw, edhwpd, rp, plot.map, simil, rjson
## Not run: # get inscriptions from EDH database API get.edh(findspot_modern="madrid") ## End(Not run)## Not run: # get inscriptions from EDH database API get.edh(findspot_modern="madrid") ## End(Not run)
A wrapper function to obtain data from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg REST like API repository.
get.edhw(file = NULL, hd_nr, ...)get.edhw(file = NULL, hd_nr, ...)
file |
JSON file with EDH data (optional) |
hd_nr |
HD number of inscriptions |
... |
additional arguments |
This wrapper function aims to obtain sample data from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg API repository
by their HD numbers or a file with a valid format JSON can be specified in file.
In any case, the JSON output becomes a list object with the rjson
package.
A list of lists object with the items described in get.edh.
Large samples can take a lot of time.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api
## get 10 records from EDH API data ## Not run: get.edhw(hd_nr=1:10) ## End(**Not run**)## get 10 records from EDH API data ## Not run: get.edhw(hd_nr=1:10) ## End(**Not run**)
A function to plot interval dates with different forms.
## S3 method for class 'dates' plot(x, y, type = c("ts", "mp", "rg"), taq, tpq, id, out, col, cex, lwd, lty, pch, main = NULL, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, xlim = NULL, axes = TRUE, alpha, file = NULL, ...)## S3 method for class 'dates' plot(x, y, type = c("ts", "mp", "rg"), taq, tpq, id, out, col, cex, lwd, lty, pch, main = NULL, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, xlim = NULL, axes = TRUE, alpha, file = NULL, ...)
x |
dataset as a data frame object of variables and observations. |
y |
vector of identifiers (optional) |
type |
Type of date format to plot:
|
taq |
timespan endpoint terminus ante quem (TAQ) |
tpq |
timespan endpoint terminus post quem (TPQ) |
id |
IDs as variable or rownames in dataset |
out |
integer or vector with number of outliers to omit (first entry id for latest date) |
col |
color of |
cex |
size of |
lwd |
width of time interval segments |
lty |
shape of time interval segments |
pch |
symbol for |
main |
plot's main tile |
xlab |
plot's |
ylab |
plot's |
xlim |
plot's |
axes |
plot's axes (logical) |
alpha |
alpha transparency for time interval segments |
file |
path to produce a file with a PDF format (optional) |
... |
additional optional parameters |
This plot function is for time interval segments given in the dataset x, which is
given as a dataframe or as a “tibble” class object.
A graphical plot.
If x is NULL, then EDH dataset is taken by default.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
dts, get.edh, edhw, prex, tibble
## Not run: # first 100 entries in the EDH dataset data("EDH") EDHdates <- edhw(vars=c("not_after", "not_before"), as="df", limit=100) # timespans plot.dates(EDHdates, taq="not_before", tpq="not_after") # mid points plot.dates(EDHdates, type="mp", taq="not_before", tpq="not_after") ## End(Not run)## Not run: # first 100 entries in the EDH dataset data("EDH") EDHdates <- edhw(vars=c("not_after", "not_before"), as="df", limit=100) # timespans plot.dates(EDHdates, taq="not_before", tpq="not_after") # mid points plot.dates(EDHdates, type="mp", taq="not_before", tpq="not_after") ## End(Not run)
A function to plot cartographical maps of the Roman world and Mediterranean region.
## S3 method for class 'map' plot(x = NULL, type = c("plain", "rp", "si", "tetra", "med"), settl, roads, shipr, main, cap, date, name, fsize, fcol, fsize2, fcol2, xd, yd, new, ...)## S3 method for class 'map' plot(x = NULL, type = c("plain", "rp", "si", "tetra", "med"), settl, roads, shipr, main, cap, date, name, fsize, fcol, fsize2, fcol2, xd, yd, new, ...)
x |
acronym of ancient Roman province or Italian region (see " |
type |
Type of cartographical map:
|
settl |
display settlements? (optional and logical, for cartographical map) |
roads |
display terrestrial routes? (optional and logical, for cartographical map) |
shipr |
display shipping routes? (optional and logical, for cartographical map) |
main |
plot's main title (optional) |
cap |
display caption? (optional and logical, for provinces) |
date |
display date? (optional and logical, for provinces) |
name |
display map title name? (optional and logical, for provinces) |
fsize |
font size in main title (optional) |
fcol |
font color in main title (optional) |
fsize2 |
font size in date (optional) |
fcol2 |
font color in date (optional) |
xd |
x positioning for the date (optional) |
yd |
y positioning for the date (optional) |
new |
whether the plotted map has superimposed graphics (optional) |
... |
additional optional parameters |
This plot function is for creating cartographical maps of ancient provinces and Italian regions of the Roman Empire around the year AD 117.
The input data x can be a character vector, but this is intended for a recording output.
By default, the argument's name and cap are set to TRUE while the date is set to FALSE;
however, the argument main prevails over name.
The type argument allows plotting cartographical maps related to the Roman Empire and the Mediterranean basin
as specified in rpmp and rpmcd datasets.
In the cartographical maps, settlements are displayed as circles while squares are for military forts, while terrestrial and maritime routes are given as solid paths with different colours.
Shapes of places and routes are specified in the retn dataset.
A plot of a cartographical map for the Roman world with a title name, and a caption with an approximate province establishment date.
Positions for caption and date are for a PDF output and the rendering may vary for browser displays.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
# Roman province of Aegyptus plot.map(x="Aeg") # Roman Empire transport network plot.map(roads=TRUE, shipr=TRUE)# Roman province of Aegyptus plot.map(x="Aeg") # Roman Empire transport network plot.map(roads=TRUE, shipr=TRUE)
A function to compute probabilities of existence of artefacts related events.
prex(x, type = c("aoristic", "mp", "other"), taq, tpq, vars, bins = NULL, cp, weight = 1, DF, out, plot = FALSE, main = NULL, ylim, keep, ...)prex(x, type = c("aoristic", "mp", "other"), taq, tpq, vars, bins = NULL, cp, weight = 1, DF, out, plot = FALSE, main = NULL, ylim, keep, ...)
x |
list or data frame object of variables and observations. |
type |
Type of date format to compute or plot:
|
taq |
timespan endpoint terminus ante quem (TAQ) |
tpq |
timespan endpoint terminus post quem (TPQ) |
vars |
boundaries of existence of |
bins |
length of the break (integer and optional) |
cp |
Chronological phase:
list with a customized chronological phase |
weight |
value to observations (optional) |
DF |
return also data frame with observations? (optional and logical) |
out |
number of outliers to omit (integer or vector where first entry id for latest date) |
plot |
plot the results? |
main |
plot's main title (optional) |
ylim |
limit in |
keep |
for |
... |
additional optional parameters |
Currently, the probability of existence of the observations is the aoristic sum computed across events for portions of time
delimited by a TAQ in taq and TPQ in tpq, which are endpoints from the stance of the timespan.
Alternatively, these two boundaries of existence of x are specified in vars.
In case the bins are set to NULL, then the time breaks take the chronological periods in cp, which by default
is "bin5" or five-periods for the EDH dataset.
Another built-in option is "bin8" for eight chronological periods, but option cp is open for other periodization models
as long as the categories of time blocks are components of a list object.
A data frame with values according to either bins or cp.
If plot is specified, a bar plot with bars of outcomes by bins or cp.
When aoristic is set to FALSE, then a simple matching of only TAQ and TPQ is computed from x.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
Crema, E. “Modelling temporal uncertainty in archaeological analysis,” J Archaeol Method Theory, 19:440–461. (2012). (for aoristic sum)
Bevan, et al. “Measuring chronological uncertainty in intensive survey finds: A case study from Antikythera, Greece,” Archaeometry, 55, 2, 312–328. (2013). (default chronological periods)
edhw, plot.dates, dts.
## Not run: # first 100 entries in the EDH dataset data("EDH") EDHdates <- edhw(vars=c("not_after", "not_before"), as="df", limit=100) # compute aoristic sum with five-periods prex(x=EDHdates, taq="not_before", tpq="not_after", cp="bin5") # compute aoristic sum with 75 year span prex(x=EDHdates, taq="not_before", tpq="not_after", bins=75, plot=TRUE) ## End(Not run)## Not run: # first 100 entries in the EDH dataset data("EDH") EDHdates <- edhw(vars=c("not_after", "not_before"), as="df", limit=100) # compute aoristic sum with five-periods prex(x=EDHdates, taq="not_before", tpq="not_after", cp="bin5") # compute aoristic sum with 75 year span prex(x=EDHdates, taq="not_before", tpq="not_after", bins=75, plot=TRUE) ## End(Not run)
A function to perform an HTTP request to https://sciencedata.dk or other server.
request(file, URL = "https://sciencedata.dk", method = c("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"), anonymous = FALSE, cred = NULL, path = "/files", subdomain = NULL, force = FALSE, rm.file, ...)request(file, URL = "https://sciencedata.dk", method = c("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"), anonymous = FALSE, cred = NULL, path = "/files", subdomain = NULL, force = FALSE, rm.file, ...)
file |
the requested file |
URL |
protocol and domain of the url |
method |
the http verb for the object |
anonymous |
unauthenticated user? |
cred |
vector with username and password as authentication credentials |
path |
path to add to the url (optional) |
subdomain |
subdomain to add to the url (optional) |
force |
force remote file overwriting? (optional and logical) |
rm.file |
remove file in local machine? (optional and logical) |
... |
further parameters if required |
request is an HTTP request, first aimed to interact with DEiC's (Danish e-Infrastructure Cooperation) RESTful APIs at
https://sciencedata.dk; however, it is possible to specify the URL path and subdomain if necessary.
DEiC's https://sciencedata.dk servers have different types of folders and both personal and shared folders require authentication with credentials.
The path to the shared folders where the files are located must be specified with the path argument.
However, for personal folders the file argument that includes the path information. Many times, DEiC's https://sciencedata.dk places the data on a subdomain, and for some methods like PUT it is required to specify the subdomain as well.
When a file already exists on the remote server, there is a prompt question for overwriting the file when the PUT method is invoked, and by activating argument force we can prevent confirmation and replace the file.
Method POST is not yet supported.
In case that accessing the server requires basic authentication, then package "tcltk" is required to input the credentials with a widget prompt.
However, there is a cred argument for performing a basic authentication without a prompt, and public folders
can be accessed without credentials with the option of anonymous user.
Depends on the method, an action on the server site.
A Response message is returned when the method is PUT with the URL and items Date, Status, Content-Type.
This function requires "httr", and aliases for request are sddk() and SDDK().
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
https://sciencedata.dk/sites/developer/ (retrieved on January 2020)
## get a public file from remote server as anonymous user ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="GET", anonymous=TRUE) ## End(Not run) ## put a file in remote server ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="PUT") ## End(Not run) ## put an existing file in remote server and force overwriting ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="PUT", force=TRUE) ## End(Not run) ## put an existing file in remote server and remove file from local machine ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="PUT", rm.file=TRUE) ## End(Not run) ## remove a file in remote server ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="DELETE") ## End(Not run)## get a public file from remote server as anonymous user ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="GET", anonymous=TRUE) ## End(Not run) ## put a file in remote server ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="PUT") ## End(Not run) ## put an existing file in remote server and force overwriting ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="PUT", force=TRUE) ## End(Not run) ## put an existing file in remote server and remove file from local machine ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="PUT", rm.file=TRUE) ## End(Not run) ## remove a file in remote server ## Not run: request("filename.extension", method="DELETE") ## End(Not run)
This is a list of lists with specifications to plot different cartographical maps of the Roman Empire and the Mediterranean with transport network including settlements, roads, and shipping routes.
data("retn")data("retn")
A list of lists object with the shape data in different slots for 4 cartographical maps of the Roman Empire
with names rcoast for a plain map, rpcoast for a map with provinces, rpsi for a map
with senatorial and imperial provinces, and rptetra for a tetrarchy map.
These options for cartographical maps in the Mediterranean are for both the classical and the late antiquity periods.
Three components in retn dataset have coordinates for settlements nds, roads rds, and shipping
routes srs for these maps.
In addition, the dataset has a cartographical map of the Mediterranean in med where settlements
and transport network is yet to complete.
DARMC, Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University
Rodrigue, Comtois, Slack. The geography of transport systems. Routledge (2013)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_provinces_trajan.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Regioni_dell'Italia_Augustea.svg
A function to perform multiple imputation of missing dating data in the EDH dataset.
rmids(x, vars, collapse, pool, type = c("1", "2"))rmids(x, vars, collapse, pool, type = c("1", "2"))
x |
dataframe or list of dataframes with a data set to impute |
vars |
vector of attribute variables in |
collapse |
collapse list of dataframes? (optional and logical, default |
pool |
pool the results? (optional and logical) |
type |
type of pooling: |
Imputation refers to the replacement process of missing data, and this is the case of entries in the
Epigraphic Database Heidelberg and related datasets.
In this context, the missing data for imputation are the endpoints of the timespan of existence of epigraphs or inscriptions
represented by variables TAQ and TPQ (cf. prex) as "not_before" and "not_after" in the EDH dataset
with cases of censoring with one limit of the timespan known.
To perform imputation on subsets of missing dating data in the EDH dataset,
function edhwpd serves to organize records per Roman province and dates
by simple match similarity of different attribute variables specified in vars.
Such organisation is in the form of a dataframe or a list of dataframes depending on the province characteristics, and
a restricted multiply-imputed data subsets takes place on this outcome, and where collapse is for
collapsing lists of dataframes.
When dating data is complete missing, rpd provides the average date, min TAQ, max TPQ, and the average length timespan
for each Roman province that applies for a multiple imputation.
A list of dataframes with imputed data where imputed dating data is not preceeded by a zero as with the recorded values. Component cases and names are:
NA-NA |
all missing |
taq-NA |
censored |
NA-tpq |
censored |
complete |
complete data |
Rownames of complete dating data belonging to a component having imputed data gets replaced in the collapsed dataframe produced from a list of dataframes.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
Ostoic, A and Letina, S. “Network imputation for missing dating data in archaeological artefacts,” The Connected Past: Artefactual Intelligence conference, Aarhus (2021).
edhwpd, rpd, edhw, get.edh, cln
## Not run: ## extract from EDH dataset province, dates, and single variable attribute rom <- edhwpd(vars="type_of_inscription", province="Rom", dates=c("not_after", "not_before")) # perform restricted imputation rmids(rom, vars=c("not_after", "not_before")) ## End(Not run)## Not run: ## extract from EDH dataset province, dates, and single variable attribute rom <- edhwpd(vars="type_of_inscription", province="Rom", dates=c("not_after", "not_before")) # perform restricted imputation rmids(rom, vars=c("not_after", "not_before")) ## End(Not run)
This is a list with Roman province names and acronyms as in the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg recorded in EDH dataset.
data("rp")data("rp")
A list object of 66 Roman provinces names and acronyms as in "province_label" in EDH dataset.
https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api/terms/province
get.edh, EDH, edhw, retn, rpmp,
This dataset is a list of two data frames with 45 Roman provinces and regions with chronological periods of early and late Roman influence dates as time intervals.
data("rpcp")data("rpcp")
A list with two data frames named Early and Late of size 45 3
with ancient Roman provinces as Province where each data frame represent an historical period.
The row names in each data frame records the acronyms of the Roman province.
Time intervals in the first data frame that corresponds to the Early period of influence in provinces
and regions are EarInf and OffPrv, while time intervals in the second data frame for the Late
period of influence are LateInf and Fall with the year of fall from the Roman Empire.
https://www.unrv.com/provinces/provincetable.php (Retrieved on 2 July 2021)
Dataset with a list with Roman province dates from the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg as in EDH dataset.
data("rpd")data("rpd")
A list object of 66 Roman provinces with dates for inscriptions.
Each list component has a vector for the province containing following dating data:
average date, min TAQ, max TPQ, and the average length timespan.
Components in the list have also an attribute class with the HD_nr entries of the province in EDH
dataset where timespans, TAQ and TPQ are from entries not_before and not_after, respectively.
https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/data/api/
rmids, edhwpd, EDH, get.edh, rp
This is a list with specifications to plot caption maps of 59 Roman provinces (year 117 AD) and Italian regions under Emperor Augustus (year 27 BC).
data("rpmcd")data("rpmcd")
rpmcd is a list of lists for each province or region with two main components.
One component is a list with shape data for a cartographical map caption in different slots,
and the second component has for each Roman province an affiliation date when the territory became Roman province.
names(rpmcd) have the acronyms according to EDH dataset.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_provinces_trajan.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Regioni_dell'Italia_Augustea.svg
This is a list with specifications to plot cartographical maps of ancient Roman provinces and Italian regions.
data("rpmp")data("rpmp")
A list of lists object of 59 Roman provinces and Italian regions in year 117AD, and where names(rpmp) gives the
province acronyms according to EDH dataset.
Each province in rpmp has a two-length list with the province name and the shape data for a cartographical map in
different slots.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_provinces_trajan.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Regioni_dell'Italia_Augustea.svg
plot.map, rpmcd, rp, retn, EDH
A function to compute similarity between vectors from columns in a data frame based on common attribute characteristics.
simil(x, vars, uniq, diag.incl, dichot, rm.isol, k)simil(x, vars, uniq, diag.incl, dichot, rm.isol, k)
x |
a list or a data frame object |
vars |
vector with column(s) in |
uniq |
unique entries? (optional and logical) |
diag.incl |
include also entries in matrix diagonal? (optional and logical) |
dichot |
dichotomize output? (optional and logical) |
rm.isol |
remove isolates in output? (optional and logical) |
k |
cut-off for dichotomization (if not specified, |
This is a function to compute the similarity between two or more vectors, which can arise from columns in a data frame and from list entries.
The similarity of artefacts or other units having common variable attributes specified in vars is by simple matching, and
this represents a measure of proximity among the items to compare. Comparison takes an id column from x;
otherwise, the first column is taken provided that there are no duplicated entry names.
Both the dichotomization of the output and the removing isolated items from the system of co-occurrence relations depends on functions
from package "multiplex".
A valued matrix of similarities among items in x.
Antonio Rivero Ostoic
edhw, get.edh, dichot, rm.isol, multigraph.
## Not run: # get inscriptions from a Roman province arm <- edhw(province="Armenia") # choose variables to a data frame armv <- edhw(x=arm, as="df", vars=c("findspot_ancient", "type_of_inscription", "type_of_monument", "language")) # matrix of similarities of two variables simil(armv, vars=c("findspot_ancient", "language")) ## End(Not run)## Not run: # get inscriptions from a Roman province arm <- edhw(province="Armenia") # choose variables to a data frame armv <- edhw(x=arm, as="df", vars=c("findspot_ancient", "type_of_inscription", "type_of_monument", "language")) # matrix of similarities of two variables simil(armv, vars=c("findspot_ancient", "language")) ## End(Not run)